The particle “wo” is one of the most common and useful particles. It is also one of the simplest to understand.
This is great for two reasons:
- With just a few examples, we can easily see how to use “wo” in a sentence, as you will see below.
- We can take advantage of the simplicity of “wo” to try to better understand some more general concepts related to Japanese sentence structure – concepts that can be applied to other particles too.
In this article we will look at what “wo” is, how to use it in a sentence, and a few things to be careful of. We’ll also touch on some more advanced concepts that give some insight into the bigger picture of the Japanese grammar system.
What is “wo” ?
The purpose of “wo” is quite straightforward:
The particle “wo” , usually pronounced “o”, marks the object of the verb – that is, the person or thing that the action is done to.
It appears in our sentence structure diagram in the “Other information” section, as shown:
(If you haven’t seen this before, read here.)
Let’s look at an example:
Taro ate sushi.
tarō wa sushi wo tabemashita.
たろう は すし を たべました。
太郎はすしを食べました。
Here, “wo” comes after “sushi” , and this tells us that sushi is the thing that was eaten.
The same applies regardless of what action is being described. Whatever comes before “wo” is the thing the action was done to.
Let’s try a couple more examples:
Taro read a book.
tarō wa hon wo yomimashita.
たろう は ほん を よみました。
太郎は本を読みました。
The book is the thing that was read, and we know this because “hon” is followed by “wo” .
Taro bought a bicycle.
tarō wa jitensha wo kaimashita.
たろう は じてんしゃ を かいました。
太郎は自転車を買いました。
Again, because “wo” comes after “jitensha” , we know that it was a bike that Taro bought.
Comparing “wo” with English
You may not really think about it often, or at all, but the concept of the “object” in terms of Japanese grammar is the same as in English. The only real difference is how it is used in a sentence.
In English, the object always comes after the verb, usually directly after. That was the case in each of our examples. Here’s the first one again:
Taro ate sushi.
“Sushi” comes after the verb, “ate”, so it is the sushi that the act of eating was done to.
In English, it is the word order that tells us this.
If we re-arranged those three words, the meaning would change, or not make sense at all…
Sushi ate Taro. (???)
In Japanese, regardless of what order the words appear in, the thing directly before “wo” is the object of the verb – that is, the thing the action was done to.
More complex objects
The examples so far have been very simple sentences with very simple objects. Let’s look at an example with a slightly more complicated one.
Taro watched an interesting movie.
tarō wa omoshiroi eiga wo mimashita.
たろう は おもしろい えいが を みました。
太郎は面白い映画を見ました。
Here, instead of being a single word, the object is a phrase consisting of two words – “omoshiroi” and “eiga” . This brings us to an important point:
The “object” of a sentence is one “thing”, not necessarily a single word.
“Thing” in this context could be anything, or even multiple things that are grouped together.
In this example, that “thing” is “omoshiroi eiga” , or in English, “an interesting movie”. This is what the particle “wo” applies to.
Here it is in our diagram:
As a whole, “omoshiroi eiga” is what we call a noun phrase.
A noun is a single word that refers to something, like “book” or “movie”. A noun phrase is simply any phrase that, as a whole, refers to a single “thing” as described above.
(By the way, a single noun like “eiga” is, by itself, a noun phrase – just a very simple one).
The particle “wo” , therefore, can take any noun phrase, no matter how complicated, and turn it into the object of a verb.
Let’s now look at an example of a more complex noun phrase. This is more advanced in a few ways, so don’t worry too much if it doesn’t make sense to you. This is mostly to highlight the fact that the object can be far more complex than a single word.
Taro watched an interesting movie that was recommended by a friend.
tarō wa tomodachi ni susumerareta omoshiroi eiga wo mimashita.
たろう は ともだち に すすめられた おもしろい えいが を みました。
太郎は友達に勧められた面白い映画を見ました。
Here, the object is “tomodachi ni susumerareta omoshiroi eiga” , or “an interesting movie that was recommended by a friend”.
That whole noun phrase is what “wo” applies to.
There are a number of ways that noun phrases can be formed, but the last word in any noun phrase will always be a noun.
If you want to learn more about simple and complex noun phrases and all of the different ways of forming them, Chapter 10 of my book covers them in detail.
Things to be careful of with the particle “wo”
Although “wo” is fairly straightforward by itself, there are a few things that it may help to be aware of.
Some verbs can’t be used with “wo”
First of all, it’s important to recognize that not all verbs can take an object.
Some actions invariably involve someone doing something to something else. For example, when you read, there must be something that you are reading. The same is true when eating, watching, buying, etc.
However, some actions can never have an object, meaning there isn’t something that the action is done to. Here’s an example:
Taro slept.
Tarō wa nemashita.
たろう は ねました。
太郎は寝ました。
When we read, we read something, but we don’t ever sleep something. We might sleep somewhere, or on something, but we don’t, for example, “sleep a bed”.
Some verbs simply do not take objects, and should therefore never be associated directly with the particle “wo” .
The object doesn’t always have to be stated
On a related note, just because a verb can take an object does not mean that it must.
Let’s use the “eat” example again. When we eat, we always eat something, but we don’t necessarily need to specify what that is. In both English and Japanese, we can simply say:
Taro ate.
tarō wa tabemashita.
たろう は たべました。
太郎は食べました。
We can add an object if we want to, but we don’t have to. Something can be involved in an action without explicitly being spoken of.
This exclusion of objects is actually even more common in Japanese than it is in English. Japanese relies heavily on context, meaning that if it is known, for example, that we are talking about “sushi”, we can effectively say, “Taro ate sushi,” without even mentioning an object.
English handles this a little differently. Here’s a short dialogue that illustrates this.
The sushi is gone!
sushi ga naku narimashita!
すし が なく なりました!
すしがなくなりました!
Taro ate it.
tarō ga tabemashita
たろう が たべました
太郎が食べました
Notice the difference between the English and Japanese versions of Kenta’s response?
In English, Kenta says “it”, referring to the sushi, but in Japanese, he doesn’t refer to the sushi at all.
In both cases, it is understood what has been eaten, but English requires us to include an object (in this case “it”) when there is one specified*.
We use “it” in order to meet this requirement without also being absurdly repetitive. Without “it” and other pronouns, we would constantly be referring to things by name.
Japanese, however, doesn’t have such a requirement. If the object (or any other information, for that matter) is understood from context, we can just omit it, like Kenta has done.
Some verbs don’t work like their English counterparts
Lastly, there are a few situations where something that might be considered an object in English is not an object in Japanese. This is mostly limited to a few particular verbs. Here’s an example:
Taro rode the train.
tarō wa densha ni norimashita.
たろう は でんしゃ に のりました。
太郎は電車に乗りました。
The verb “norimasu” , meaning “to ride”, treats the thing that is being ridden not as an object, but as a destination. “Norimasu” can’t really take an object, so “wo” should never be used in direct connection with it.
This seems a bit unintuitive coming from English, since we would say that Taro “rode the train” using the same syntax as when we say “Taro ate the sushi”. It is just one of those little peculiar differences between how each language phrases certain descriptions.
Another example of this is the word “omoimasu” , meaning “to think”.
In an English sentence like, “I think Taro ate the sushi”, it might look like the phrase, “Taro ate the sushi” is the object of the verb “think”. It’s not, but it kinda looks like it might be, since it comes after “think” and is the thing that is being thought.
Importantly, however, in Japanese the equivalent phrase would not be marked by “wo” because it is not treated as an object. Instead, we would use the quoting particle “to” . Let’s see:
I think Taro ate the sushi.
watashi wa tarō ga sushi wo tabeta to omoimasu
わたし は たろう が すし を たべた と おもいます。
私は太郎がすしを食べたと思います。
This fits into our diagram like this:
And yes, that’s a mini sentence diagram inside the quotation element of a bigger sentence diagram. Welcome to The Matrix.
Key Takeaways
The role of “wo” is fairly straight-forward:
The particle “wo” marks the object of the verb – that is, the thing the action was done to.
To use it correctly, we just need to understand a few simple concepts, and be careful of a few exceptional situations:
- Unlike English, word order does not affect whether or not something is the object of a verb – the object is always the thing marked by the particle “wo”
- An object is a single “thing” in the form of a noun phrase, which could be simple or complex – it is not necessarily a single word.
- Not every sentence has to have an object.
- Some verbs (such as “neru” , meaning “sleep”) never take an object (because it doesn’t make sense).
- For a few English verbs that normally have an object (eg. “ride”), the Japanese equivalent (eg. “norimasu” ) treats the English object as something else (eg. a destination).
How about this sentence: うち を 出ます。
I was told by my Japanese teacher that even for intransitive verb like 出る or 離れる, as long as you are exiting from a place, the location you are exiting from should be marked by を. Similarly for verbs like 歩く, 走る or 散歩する, the place you are walking, running or strolling through should be marked by を.
Particle を is also used to indicate the location from which some movement begins. In other words, a place where someone or something came from or exited from.
“Taro ate the Sushi” vs “Taro rode the train.” Does the distinction arise because Taro causes the state of the Sushi to change? I can tell the the Sushi has been eaten by someone. I can’t necessarily tell whether the train has been ridden by someone (unless they leave the carriage in a filthy state).
I’ve seen in a song 空を飛ぶ and it made me think why に wasn’t used in this case even though it kinda means to fly in/through the sky
Doesn’t 乗る、the base of 乗ります, mean “to board” instead of “to ride”?
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